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The medicinal plants found in Sikkim and Darjeeling regions, India, can be classified in 5 groups in terms of its value in usage and marketing potentials: (1) species marketed in large scale; (2) plants marketed in small scale; (3)... Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India. The Snow Pigeon Colum, Himalayan Monal and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epaes. Sikkim AGRISNET (www.sikkimagrisnet.org), Food Security and Agriculture Department, Government of Sikkim Nandugaon Series: It comprises well-drained coarse loamy, fragmental soils with brown to dark brown colour, developed from sandstone parent rock, The soil occurs on steeply sloping mid and upper part of hills are severely eroded. Exotic oyster mushroom cultivation is being popularized along with trial commercial cultivation of flowers like hybrid orchids, lilies and gladioli. Reference: King, G. & Pantling, R. (1898). Because of an extensive Protected Area Network, and with better protection and sustainable human use, habitats have recuperated and in 1999 Takin Budorcas taxicolor was reported at Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary which was once native to this eco-system and similarly Tiger Panthera tigris migration is often reported every year. The undergrowth consists of Arundinaria maling, dwarf Rhododendron, ferns, epiphytic mosses and orchids. Without Government strategy and interest in preserving this rich bio-diversity and cultural heritage and without active people participation this fragile environment would not have been preserved and protected so far. A specimen of Tibetan Horned Owl (Eurasian Eagle-Owl) Bubo bubo from Lema was collected and deposited with BNHS. Various species of orchids, Rhaphidophora; wild banana, Pandanus; Nettles and giant bamboo are characteristic. This area falls under PangolakhaWildlife Sanctuary and is adjane of the two endemic birds in Southern Tibet (e of mixed Broadleaf Coniferous forest; Rhododendron, Juniper and det al. The site is located in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA-130) where 21 species have been listed of which only one species, the Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis, has been found till now but more are likely to occur. River systems harbour some of the (introduced) trout Salmo trutta fario. comm. The State is endowed with rich floral and faunal diversity. They harbour representative biodiversity of these ecoregions. Existence of feral dogs is a major hazard in this region. The biological wealth of the earth is the result of biodiversity development of about 400 million years. comm. This complex, with wide altitudinal variation, basically lies in Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest), but avian elements of Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane - Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) are also found as these biomes merge with Biome-7, and secondly, many birds show seasonal altitudinal movement. However, detailed ethnobiological study of wild leafy vegetables (WLV) TEN DOMINANT FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS Sl. This region of the Central Himalayas lies within the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and for several bird species such as Chestnut-breasted Hill Partridge Arborophila mandelli, Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra and White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri this EBA is very important. The Pakistan Wetlands Programme (PWP) aims to promote the sustainable conservation of freshwater and marine wetlands and their associated globally important biodiversity in Pakistan. are the main species. Asarey) etc. 2003). Several species of migratory water birds use the river systems during transit. Some amount of cattle rearing is practiced with stall fed hybrid milch cows with some trans-humance for local breeds in forest areas. Four species of this biome are also found here. 88 Linderaa neesiana Siltimbur Temperate Himalayas, Nepal & Sikkim. 10 sq. In the middle storey, Symplocos theifolia (Kharane) is the main species and Litsea spp. The Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta formosa a globally threatened is still found, while the Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra was remarkably easily netted and ringed both in Fambong Lho and Himalayan Zoological Park in the 2001 BNHS Bird-Banding Programme. Reduced ocelot 6. Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. According to Department of Information and Public Relations, more than one-third of the 5,000 flowering plants found in the country, are located in Sikkim. Species wise, the State harbors over 4500 flowering plants, 550 Orchids, 36 Rhododendrons, 16 Conifers, 28 Bamboos, 362 Ferns and its allies, 9 Tree Ferns, 30 Primulas, 11 Oaks, over 424 Medicinal plants, 144+ mammals, 550 Birds, 48 Fishes and over 600 Butterflies. Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis has been recorded from the Muguthang area of Lhonak Valley IBA contiguous to the north (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1998). Wild Seabuckthorn Hippophae sp. You can now claim your publications on CAB Direct with your ORCID iD! It's botanical and zoological richness is stupendous, possessing more than four thousands species of plants and thirty per cent of all the birds found in the Indian sub-continent. In the upper reaches the upper storey consists of Quercus lamellosa (Buk), Q. lineata (Phalant), Machilus spp. Arundinaria and Sinarundinaria mainly covers the northern part of Sikkim and, Phyllostachys, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus which occurs over extensive area are found in lower hills forest. In today's world people should be more concern about saving every specious of plant and animal. Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario has been introduced in high altitude lake and river systems. Pallas’s Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus was once seen in the forest patch below Tamzey during a survey for Red Panda in 1998 (U. Lachungpa pers. Haven’t found the relevant content? 2000)}. 2 List of Threatened Birds found in Sikkim Critically Endangered Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Slender-billed Vulture, Gyps tenuirostris Vulnerable Baer’s Pochard Aythya baeri Pallas’s Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii Blyth’s Tragopan Tragopan blythii Black –necked Crane Grus nigricollis Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra Slender-billed Babbler Turdoides longirostris Black-breasted Parrotbill Paradoxornis flavirostris Hodgson’s Prinia Prinia cinereocapilla Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta Formosa Near Threatened Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra Giant Babax Babax waddelli. Find out more about this exciting new development, Using our new visualization tools you can, Using our new highlighting and annotation tool you can, remove selected records that are not saved in My CABI, sign you out of your No. Hemlock - body cavity 4. 00 East 2C 3292-4116 m 4 Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary 35. The area also suffers from the presence of landmines causing casualties among Nayan, Kiang and Tibetan wolf. The Temperate ecoregion is protected in three wildlife sanctuaries at Shingba (North Sikkim), Kyongnosla and part of Pangolakha (East Sikkim), Barsey (West Sikkim) and one national park namely Khangchendzonga National Park (North and West Sikkim). Hire a subject expert to help you with Sikkim Wildlife and Biodiversity. comm. Some areas of this IBA, especially in the valleys also show some faunal elements of Biome-9 (Indo-Chinese Tropical Moist Forest). 1998). Gould’s Shortwing Brachypteryx stellata, Rufous-bellied Crested Tit Parus rubidiventris and the restricted range Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis are common in forest patches. Every plant or animal species including man plays important role in the life cycle. Therefore, species of both biomes are represented. Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos and Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus with Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula were seen occasionally in Tsomgo Lake during the winter Asian Waterfowl Census (AWC). There are eleven IBAs recognized by the Government of Sikkim in the State. (1998) have identified 21 restricted range species. Although, this site lies chiefly in Biome-7 (Sino- Himalayan Temperate Forest), birds of Biome -5 (Eurasian High Montane - Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) are also seen, mainly due to their altitudinal movement. (i. e. 30. 2003). All these IBA a very interesting bird watching and conservation area. Protected area network of Sikkim has contributed a lot in respect to scientific research and monitoring of wild species with some students also having carried out PhD dissertations. tree fern the plant is found almost everywhere in sikkim and growing altitude range is 1000-5000 feet . CAB Direct provides Most of the flora of this region attracts interest for medicinal purposes. 00 9 Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve 620. Garden. The Rangit Valley Sal Shorea robusta in this region shows a unique association with the Chir Pine Pinus roxburghii. DOMBANG VALLEY-LACHUNG-LEMA-TSUNGTHANG A full checklist of this site is not available but the bird records maintained by the department show that this area could have significant populations of Vulnerable Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta formosa and Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola. Further more, modern medicines owes to the flora of these mountains. tc. write which part of these plants is used for medicinal or aromatic purpose. This ecoregion has not yet been included in the protected area network of the state and is perhaps the most threatened as it contains mostly endangered species. comm. PhDessay is an educational resource where over 1,000,000 free essays are collected. comm. Local Lepcha people at Tholung report a unique phenomenon of congregations of either Ashy Wood-Pigeon Columba pulchricollis or Common Wood-Pigeon Columba palumbus near the Tholung hot-springs (a day’s trek from jeepable road) in summer (Chumden Nangpa pers. 2. number: 206095338. Sl. I am writing today to inform you about Globalism. I will begin with . ushrooms. Broadly speaking there are five altitudinal zones of vegetation. 00 North/West 11 Buffer area 836. 76 East 2C 1524-2749 m 3 Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary 31. 2003). (Kawla), Rhododendron spp. Red Panda, Common Langur and Himalayan Black Bear, Lesser cats, Goral, Serow, Himalayan Monal, Fire-tailed Sunbird, Blue Magpie and few species of reptiles and amphibians are characteristic. These patches are however relatively poor in bird life. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy. Sericulture is practiced through schemes of the forest department while apiculture is more of a hobby with the bee species Apis cerana. Rhododendron niveum has been declared as the State Tree of Sikkim. The programme strategy is based on. The site lies in Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA 130) where Stattersfield et al. Our review included 215 publications related to flora from the KL. 2003) has been able to locate only two biome restricted species, Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul and Black-spottedYellow-Tit Parus spilonotus, of Biome-8 in this IBA. Biome-5 species like Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii are regularly recorded in winter onat Rangit river; Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria recorded from Trans-Himalayan Lhonaake) and other high altitude sites is also recorded from this IBA. Many species of Himalayan origin have revolutionized the allopathic systems of medicine. This ecoregion needs to be urgently represented in the wildlife protected area network of the state. There are over 13,871,000 records available in CAB Direct | Last updated on April 17, 2021. The higher reaches of this IBA, above 3,000 m show some birds of Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane - Alpine and Tibetan) where 48 species are listed and seven are seen in this site. Bark & fruits It is aromatic, carminative. % of India, the Sikkim harbors around 550 bird species representing around 30% of the aggregate bird species and subspecies found in the entire Indian subcontinent. tc. While these figures are still not absolute, it may be kept in mind that this is only the mega-fauna and flora. Jungle Crows are now resident at this altitude of c. 4,000 m with increasing tourist pressure (U. Lachungpa pers. species/ names of flowering tree in Sikkim 1. Sikkim. CAB Direct Closure of the border to trans-humance over the last three decades has led to intense grazing pressure by both the domestic and wild herbivores on the land. Another Near Threatened species found in. Large Cardamom under-planted in forest patches and a tea estate at Temi are dominant features of the landscape as much as the naturalized exotic Cryptomeria japonica patches. 4. 1141 221 19 5 Cyperaceae 545 143 26 This mid-altitude IBA falls mainly in Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest (Biome-7). 5 Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim Source: Wildlife Division, Forest Department Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, South State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 18 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity ng the lowest altitude IBA in Sikkim, this site has records of birds restricted to biomes erhaps due to seasonal altitudinal migration as well as the telescoping effewhere in a distance of c. 100 km, habitats ranging from lowland subtropical forests ton be seen (Ali 1962). Potato and cabbage are grown as cash crops. , Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurooa,Gentiana spp, Rheum spp. Existence of protected areas in the higher reaches sustains environment stability of the surrounding region and thereby reduces occurrence of landslides and droughts, protecting the soil from erosion etc. They are Grey Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum (unconfirmed), Pale-headed Woodpecker Gecinulus grantia, Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush Garrulax pectoralis and Sultan Tit Melanochlora sultanea. One of Sikkim’s species is Pleione hookeriana, named for Kew’s second director, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911), who was one of the first western botanists to explore Sikkim and who discovered a great many plant species, including orchids and Rhododendron species, on his travels. Later on, in the last year of my alpine work I found 2 more plants of this species but was not able to visit them while it was in flower. tubers, ‘Khendu’ Cardamine spp. Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii was sighted in Yumthang in June 1984. comm. Nature has been particularly generous in her gift of sylvan treasures to the state of Sikkim. New hydel projects have also been taken up in this zone. The wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in the Himalaya. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 13. km area, including four globally threatened species, three Restricted Range species and 93 Biome-restricted species (Ganguli-Lachungpa and Rahmani 2003). Himalayan mandrake is one of the famous herbal plants from Himalayas and because of that, this plant is quite rare to… Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. Snow leopard Uncia uncia, a highly endangered animal of Himalayan eco-system which is at the top of ecological pyramid has also shown remarkable population increase as reported although proper census has not been conducted for the last few years. Sikkim covering just 0. It is even easy to access, situated 210kms (130miles) east of Addis Ababa. This is evident from the presence of Sal Shorea robusta forests in the Rangit Valley in the south to the temperate fir forests in the north, beyond which lie the trans-Himalayas and cold desert of the Tibetan plateau. Map 2. In lower altitudes of … Only one such species, White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri has been noticed till now (U. Lachungpa pers. 00 East 2C 6 Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary 43. etc. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 21, Sikkim Wildlife and Biodiversity. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 17 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 00 North/West 1B Total Protected Area 2183. This particular checklist … MAENAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY –TENDONG RF There are several villages fringing this IBA due to which the habitat is open in several pla es of dense forest provides ideal bird hab 1998). Though Sikkim is a small state but one can find all varieties of flora and fauna ranges from tropical to alpines. 1998). The dense forests of Sikkim are home to a variety of animals. please tell me . Total area under Protected Area Network including the buffer zone of biosphere reserve in State is 3019. Dwarf rhododendron leaves are used for burning as incense. Human population consists of a small number of nomadic Tibetan graziers or ‘Dokpas’ (who herd yak, sheep and pasmina-type goats) and large number of Defence personnel as the area forms the international border with Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). 2003). While the Rhododendron grande is over 10 m tall, the Rhododendron nivale grows barely a few inches above the ground. There are more than 500 species of Orchid in Sikkim. Eight of these have been seen here (U. Lachungpa pers. However, much more research input is needed. No. The local inhabitants for treatment of various ailments use numerous herbal remedies. The existing status of wildlife protected areas is described as follows. The Temperate ecoregion extends from 3000m to 4500m with mixed coniferous forests of Hemlock, Spruce, Pine, Fir and Junipers with shrubby undergrowth of Rhododendron and Arundinaria bamboo. During a brief survey in September 1996, Biome-7 birds such as White-browed Tit- Babbler Alcippe vinipectus, Rufous Sibia Heterophasia capistrata, Grey-faced Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus maculipennis, Orange-gorgeted Flycatcher Ficedula strophiata, Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara, Rufous-bellied Crested Tit Parus rubidiventris and Red-headed Bullfinch Pyrrhula erythrocephala were ringed with BNHS rings. Medicinal plants ought to be given the status of a “National Resources” because their sustained availability is essential to sustain one of the world’s oldest medicinal traditions, a priceless legacy of the Indian people. One of these, Babax waddelli, is reported only from extreme northeast Sikkim from 2,700-4,400 m in the Tibetan Plateau facies (EBA-133) in Hippophae thickets. They are not clear-cut at their boundaries but merge into one another, often showing considerable local encroachments and recessions above and below the line depending upon physical configuration and exposure of the terrain and the resulting ecological factors. Let. 00 North/West Note: 1. and Agaricus spp. The Rhododendron is … 90 Lycopodium clavatum -Naagbeli Middle hill/upper hill to 6000 ft. NRCC is working towards better production and commercialization of orchids in the state. At lower reaches, Biome- 7 merges with Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) where 95 species are listed. Total area under Protected Area Network of State is 2183. Of these, the Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis not seen since the slaughterhouse at Gangtok was shifted to south to Rangpo almost a decade ago. A small part of this ecoregion, a representative area of the Kitam Reserve Forests has recently been included in the wildlife protected area network of the state as the Kitam Wildlife Sanctuary. All… km. occurs some of which is collected for medicinal properties and as a dye. Other lowland fauna includes the Porcupine, Assamese Macaque, Barking Deer, Wild Boar, Tree Shrew, Peafowl (introduced), Python, Geckos, a host of butterflies and other invertebrates, riverine fish, frogs and toads. The Sherathang marshes are one aTadorna ferruginea breeds. Birds from biomes 5, 7, 8 and 9 have been recorded here including at least three globally threatened species, two restricted range species, five out of 48 Biome-5 species, 38 out of 112 Biome-7 species, 21 out of 96 Biome-8 species and three out of 9 Biome-9 species. District Biogeographic Province Altitude 1 Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary 104. “In 1962, the Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan predicted the electronic transformation of the planet earth. The Collarex caerulescens was found breeding in 1996 very close to human habitation, hawkinge Fisheries Department pond at Baguwa but cleverly avoiding the mist-nets set arounds sighted at Baguwa and Jorethang in October 1996 (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1996). The other associates in the upper storey are: Cinnamomum spp. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use. 2 Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, West Sikkim Source: Wildlife Division, Forest Department BARSEY RHODODENDRON SANCTUARY This is an important IBA on the southeast corner of Sikkim with Nepal as its western border and contiguity with KBR and Singalila, stretching from alpine meadows down to subtropical forests. Most of the human population of Sikkim resides in these two zones in an agricultural setting where terrace farmed rice, ginger, orange, cardamom are commercially grown while guava, banana, squash and marigold are common along with vegetables and herbs in homestead gardens. Forest produce like bamboo shoots, ferns and nettles are also collected during season. It has alpine meadows and scrubs, so we get Tibetan Partridge Perdix hodgsoniae, Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus and Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris, while at slightly lower altitude where Montane Broadleaf Evergreen and Mixed Broadleaf–Coniferous Forest are found, species representing Biome-7 predominate. Kitam (Bird) Wildlife Sanctuary. ENVIS CENTRE SIKKIM – On Status of environment & Its Related Issues (Environmental Information System) Forest, Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok – 737102 Website: www.sikenvis.nic.in Email: [email protected] Tele/Fax: 03592-280381 Medicinal and Aromatic plants in Sikkim 1 1. Species wise, the State harbors over 4500 flowering plants, 550 Orchids, 36 Rhododendrons, 16 Conifers, 28 Bamboos, 362 Ferns and its allies, 9 Tree Ferns, 30 Primulas, 11 Oaks, over 424 Medicinal plants, 144+ mammals, 550 Birds, 48 Fishes and over 600 Butterflies. Creeping plant Plants & Spores The lowland forests of Sikkim are home to several species identified ad by BirdLife International (2001): Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis now restrir tea estates, Red-breasted Partridge Arborophila mandelli (not recorded recently) anrpactes wardi. The site lies in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA- 130), in which Stattersfield et al. Subsistence farming of wheat, barley and maize is carried out while beans, peas, some apple, peach and pear are grown on homesteads. This site in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area is the highest altitude eco-region in Sikkim pning two biomes, Sino- Himalayan Temperate Forest (Biome-7) and Eurasian High Montane (Alpine and Tibetan) (Biome-5) as described by BirdLife International (undated). CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, The Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota come down here in winter. 10 Total Geographical Area 7096. In order to protect, propagate and develop this rich wilderness, the State has realized that only by bringing in more such areas under the Protected Area Network could save this fragile eco-system from being over exploited and depleted. Family India Sikkim Percentage 1 Orchidaceae 1229 527 43 2 Asteraceae 803 293 36 3 Poaceae 1291 291 23 4 Fabaceae (s.l.) (Sissi), Michelia excelsa (Rani Champ), Quercus lancaefolia (Patle Katus), Acer campbelli (Kapasi), Magnolia campbelli (Ghoge Champ), Q. pachyphylla (Sungure Katus), Castanopsis hystrix (Katus), Elaeocarpus lancaefolius (Bhadrase) etc. The region has a short four-month growing season during which grasses, sedges and medicinal herbs grow abundantly supporting a host of insect fauna as well as the wild and domestic herbivores, larks and finches. 10 sq. 8 Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 20 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity PANGOLAKHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY–ZULUKBEDANG TSO – NATU LA n passes of Natu La and Jelep La (La = Pass) form the routes for migratoover at the various wetlands in the area, especially Bedang Tso Lapejanus (locally called as Feydong) used to be found here hence the name Bedang Tso. Due to the size and en La altitude elevations in this IBA, birds recorded are from at least four biomes. 2 % of the geographical area of the country has tremendous biodiversity and has been identified as one of the HOT-SPOT in the Eastern Himalayas. Other species of interest are the Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epauletta, birds of temperate forest. Sikkim also has 28 Mountains/Peaks, more than 38 Glaciers, 227 high altitude lakes/wetlands and over 104 rivers and streams. Distinct head and trunk datagram Lineages Moorlands Insects. The Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda is conspicuous when Rhododendrons are in bloom. Sikkim, India Folk Medicinal Plants in the Sikkim Himalayas of India Abstract This report deals with 64 … The continued loss of this biological wealth poses a grave threat to the. In patches of protected forest it is possible to see the weak Sal being slowly dominated by the Pine. 2002), but looking at the extent of pristine habitat still available in this site, more restricted range species are likely to be found here. In order to have glimpses of this natural landscapes, tourists from far off places used to visit Sikkim which is contributing economy at the local level as it stimulates profitable domestic industries – hotels , restaurants, transport systems , souvenirs and handicrafts and guide services. Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary and part of Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary in East Sikkim and Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary in South Sikkim are the two wildlife protected areas in this ecoregion. Most of the Ecotourism potential is prevalent only in Protected areas and one of the most important destination is Khangchendzonga Massif itself which is considered as cultural heritage and deity of Sikkim people, which also fall within Protected area in the name of Khangchendzonga National Park, which is a nucleus center for attracting tourists off far and wide and some other important places of interest also do exist only inside the Protected areas such as Dzongri trail, Green Lake, different varieties of Rhododendron species, glaciers ,alpine flowers , grassland, high cliffs , waterfalls , caves and other small lakes which are considered sacred place for pilgrimage. Hence this protected areas network has contributed much to the economy of the State as well as in preserving the wilderness and providing sustainable livelihoods to the people living in the buffer. The herbs occur in temperate and subtropical Himalayas from Kishtwar to Sikkim and Khasi hills at … can use them for free to gain inspiration and new creative ideas for their writing assignments. The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Swertia chirata, Rubia cordifolia, Astilbe rivularis, Berginia spp, Acorus calamus, Kaempheria rotunda, Costus speciosus, Viscum articulatum, Rhus semialata, Phytolacca acinosa, Litsaea citrata, Drymaria cordata Artemisia vulgari,s etc. There are no permanent settlements. Chapter 2 WILDLIFE & BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity at a Glance India is recognized as one of the 12 mega diversity centres of the world. Birds like Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni have been recorded from northern Trans-Himalayan part of the IBA while Baer’s Pochard Aythya baeri has been sighted in Lake Khecheopalri along with wintering Mergansers Mergus merganser and Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1991), Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Common Teal Anas crecca and Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula. Some of the non-breeding birds are Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni, Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus and Common Hoopoe Upupa epops. Datura stramonium is one of the most poisonous plant found in India and also used in many cultures as a poison. Dense tall evergreen forests with oaks and Rhododendrons predominate. In the underwood, Engelhardtia spicata (Mahuwa), Eurya japonica (Jhingni), Rhododendron arboreum (Guransh), Vibernum spp. orchids of Sikkim are Cymbidiums, Vanda, Cattaleya, Hookeriana, Farmeri, Dendrobium Amoenum. In the temperate zone, the fauna comprises of Common Langur, Leopard Cat, Red Panda, Musk deer, Himalayan Black Bear and the Flying Squirrel. Thus this IBA has at least 127 bird species of conservation concern including seven globally threatened and restricted range species, 24 species of Biome-5, 67 of Biome-7, 26 of Biome-8 and three listed in Biome-9.

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